2008广东高考英语试卷,2008广东高考英语

1.2008高考必背英语词汇讲座-N字头

2.08年英语高考单选题疑问

3.400分求篇高考英语范文

4.2008高考必背英语词汇讲座-L字头

1、can, be able to

这两个词都可以表示?能够?。can通常用来表示现在的一般能力。如：look, i can do it.嗨，我会做这事啦。而当表示将来能力时，一般要用will be able to。此外，be able to 还表示要经过一番努力才能做到的事。如：

if i concentrate on the work, i'll be able to work out the problem.如果我集中思想于工作的话，我就可以想出这个问题的解决方法。

i'll be able to speak french in another few months.再过几个月我就可以说法语了。

2、call on, visit

call on：?拜访?，为社交用语，强调较正式的访问。如：i hope to call on you at your office at three o'clock today.我希望今天下午三点钟到办公室去拜访你。

visit：?访问，参观?，指为一定目的去访问某人或参观某地。如：professor li is often visited by his students.学生们常去看望李教授。

注意：call at与call on都可以作?访问?解，但call at后接地点；call on后接人。如：i called at the bank and drew some money today.今天我去银行取了些钱。

3、centre, middle

centre?中心?，指圆和球体的中心点并可用作比喻，指事物或活动中心。如：

he placed the flowers in the centre of the table.他把花放在桌子的中央。

at the centre of the park there is a monument in memory of the hero.在公园的中央有一个英雄纪念碑。

london is the political, economical and cultural centre of britain.伦敦是英国政治，经济和文化中心。

middle：?中间?，指空间或时间意义上与两端等距离的中间部分。如：

he telephoned me in the middle of the night.他半夜给我打来电话。

soon they were in the middle of the river.不久他们来到河中央。

4、chance, opportunity

chance表示?机会；可能性（强调偶然性）?，如：

if we can swim, the chances are that we can save our lives.如果我们会游泳的话，我们就有可能得救。

harold has lost a lot of money so he wants to take a chance on stock exchange.海洛得丢了很多钱，因此他想在股票上碰一碰运气。

而opportunity表示机遇（强调好时机），既可作可数名词又可作不可数名词。如：

this has been my only opportunity to practise speaking english.这一直是我练习英语口语的唯一机会。

i am very glad to have had the opportunity to talk to you.我很高兴能有机会与你交谈。

5、certain, sure

certain表示?有把握的，确信的?，语气较强，主语可以是人也可以是物，表示有充分的信心。有时也有?某些?的含义。如：

it is certain that the temperature will rise.气温一定会上升。

he is certain to come.他一定会来。

sure?确信的，无疑的?，作此义解时，主语常为人而不是物。如：he is sure to succeed.他一定会成功。

注意：certain和sure在接不定式和of短语时意思上有差别。

试比较：they are certain/sure to succeed.他们一定会成功。they are certain/sure of success.他们有成功的把握。第一例用不定式表示说话人对某事的推断，有?一定，必然?的含义；第二例用of短语表示主语本人的信念，有?确信，对...有把握?的含义。

再如：the strike is certain/sure to take place.罢工必然会发生。they are certain/sure of victory.他们确信会获得胜利。

6、care about, care for

这是两个动介型短语动词，后接名词或代词作其宾语。在表示?为...担忧?的意思时，两者可交换使用。

care about主要用来表示?对...感兴趣；关心；在乎?的意思。如：i don't much care about going.我并不很想去。i don't care about what people think.我不在乎人们怎么认为。

care for则主要用来表示?喜欢，对...中意?和?照顾?等意思。如：she doesn't seem to care for him.她好像不喜欢他。small children are well cared for in nurseries when their parents are working.当父母在工作时，孩子们在托儿所里受到良好的照顾。

7、carry on, carry out

carry on意为?进行，继续?，强调一个行为的进行过程。它可以不跟宾语，也可接表示?工作，讨论，竞赛，战斗?等一类的名词作宾语，相当于continue。它另可作?经营?解，相当于manage。如：

don't let me interrupt you, just carry on.别让我打断你，请继续。

i'll try to carry on the work in spite of difficulties.尽管有困难，但我还是会继续这项工作。rising costs make it hard to carry on the business.成本上升给生意经营带来了困难。

carry out意为?进行，贯彻，实现?，含有按照某个要求或准则进行的意思。它必须接宾语，且宾语往往是表示?工作，活动，职责，命令，计划?等一类的名词。此词语相当于put into practice。如：

i have some difficulties in carrying out her order.我感到执行她的命令有些困难。

the was trying to carry out the policy of "family planning".当时，政府正尽力贯彻?计划生育?政策。

8、catch up with, keep up with

catch up with为?赶上（某人或某事）?，有追上并可能超过的含义。如：we'll do out best to catch up with the advanced industrial countries.我们将尽力赶超先进的工业国家。

keep up with作?不落后于（某人或某对手）?解，有与之并驾齐驱的含义。如：the girls had to run to keep up with the boys.这些女孩子不得不加快脚步以赶上男孩子们。

9、cause, reason

cause指造成一种事实或现象的?原因?，尤指自然原因或客观原因。如：what's the cause of his success?他成功的原因是什么？

reason指说明一种看法或行为的?理由?，它往往是通过逻辑推理得出的。如：give me your reasons for refusing.给我你拒绝的理由。this is the reason why he killed the woman.这就是他杀掉那个女人的原因。

10、clothes, clothing, cloth

这三个词都与人们穿的?衣?有关，但含义却不同。clothes永远以复数的形式出现，指人们穿的各种衣服包括裤子，内衣，衬衫等；其前不能用数词修饰。如：these clothes are new.这些衣服是新的。do i have to change my clothes for the meeting?我去参加会议要换衣服吗？

clothing是集体名词，为衣物的总称，是一种区别于其他事物的概念。除了衣裤之外，它还包括帽，袜，手套，被褥之类的东西，如：the shop sells articles of men's clothing.这个商店卖男式服装。in winter, children need warm clothing.冬天，孩子们需要暖和的衣服。

cloth一般用作不可数名词，指?棉布，毛织品?；它亦可作可数名词，指?某一特定用途的一块布?，复数形式是cloths。如：he will take three yards of cloth to make a suit.他做一套衣服要三码布。she cleaned the window with an old cloth.她用一块旧布擦窗户。

11、chief, main

这两者都表示?主要的?。chief表示所指的对象在重要性、地位、等级方面高于其他同类事物，暗示其他事物处于从属或次要地位。

main多用来形容事物的某一组成部分，表示该部分在重要性、力量、大小等方面超过其 他部分，起着主体的作用。the chief reason for going to school is to learn. 去学校主要是去学习的。the president is chief of the armed force.总统是武装部队的首脑。our main meal is in the evening.我们的主餐是在晚上。note down the main points of the speech.请记下讲演的要点。

12、choose, select

choose为?挑选，选择?，使用范围较广，指从众多的对象中挑选，这种挑选取决于个人的意志与判断，不强调客观标准。它所选择的对象可以是不同种类的，可以是有形的或无形的。choose带有最终选定的含义，即表示选定后不再变化。如：

in the new department store there is a lot to choose from.在新的百货商店有很多可供选择的商品。

he chose miss li for his wife.他选李**为妻。

you have to choose between life and dead.你必须在生与死之间作出选择。

select为?挑选，精选?，语气比choose重，多用于正式场合。它指仔细地，审慎地精选，强调客观性，而不是主观性。它所挑选的对象可以是有形的或是无形的，但一定是同一种类的。如：

the best machines were selected and sent to the exhibition.最好的机器被选去参展了。he selected a birthday present for his dear daughter.他为他亲爱的女儿挑选了一个生日礼物。

13、come to one's help, come for one's help

come to one's help表示?来帮某人的忙?，与come to help someone意义相同。如：when they heard my cry, they immediately came to my help.他们一听到我的叫声就赶忙来帮忙了。when one man is in difficulties, ten thousand come to his help.一人有难，万人帮忙。

come for one's help表示?来求某人帮助?，与come to ask someone for help意义相同。如：when he is short of money, he often comes for my help.他缺钱花的时候，他常来找我帮忙。she couldn't solve the problem, so she came for our help.她不能解决这个问题，因而来找我们帮忙。

14、continual, continuous

这两个形容词均可表示?连续不断?的意思，但它们在含义上有区别。continual指某一动作不时重复，重复之间有短暂停顿的含义；还有使人不愉快的含义。如：we are not happy with those continual interruptions.我们对那些不断的打扰很生气。my work has been delayed by his continual visit.我的工作被他频繁的拜访给耽搁了。

continuous指某一动作在一段时间内没有中断的含义，表示?持续不断?的意思。如：we felt tired after two days' continuous flight.经过两天不停的飞行，我们感到很累了。there was continuous fighting on the frontier all day yesterday.昨天一整夜，边界上的战斗没有停过。

15、compare...to, compare...with

compare...to为?把...比喻为，把...比成?，指不同类事物的比较，表示抽象的比喻。compare...with为?把...与...比较?，指两个同类的事物相比较，表示人和人，事物与事物之间异同的程度。

life is compared to a voyage.生命常被比作一次航行。

people compared him to a little white cat.人们把她比作一只小白猫。

compared with many women, she was indeed very lucky.与许多其他女人相比，她的确很幸运。

compare your translation with his, you'll find how many mistakes you've made.与他的翻译相比，你会发现你的有很多错误。

16、consider, regard as, treat as

consider和regard as都表示?认为是?，两者常可换用。前者偏重经过考虑后的看法，后者则偏重?把...看作?的含义，且必须与介词as连用。如：

they considered miss shen a good english teacher.他们认为沈**是一位优秀的英语教师。

i regard her as my own sister.我把她看作自己的亲妹妹。

they regarded me as their best friends.他们把我看作是最好的朋友。

treat as表示?对待，当作?，指在某种认识的基础上对待某人某物，着重点在行动，而不是看法。treat as 中的as也可用like代替。如：

don't treat me as/like a child.别待我象孩子似的。

they treated me as/like a member of the family.他们待我像家里人一样。

consider 后可接从句，也可跟带有名词，形容词，不定式及介词短语的复合结构；regard as后除接名词外，还可接形容词，分词及介词短语等；treat后则只能接名词。如：

i consider that he is the most suitable man to do this work.我认为他是担任此项工作最适合的人选。

they considered my opinion valuable.他们认为我的观点很有价值。

i regard him as stupid.我认为他很蠢。

she considered herself to be correct.她认为自己是对的。

we can't regard the matter as settled.我们不认为事情已经解决。

he regarded it as of little use.他觉得这没什么用。

17、coloured, colourful

虽然这两个形容词的词根均是colour,但它们的含义不同。coloured表示?有某种颜色的（having the colour specified）"的意义，常用以构成复合词。如：

she is wearing a cream-coloured dress today.她今天穿着奶油色的衣服。

coloured people were looked down upon at that time in america.那时在美国有色人种被人瞧不起。

colourful表示?富有色彩的（full of colours），色彩鲜艳的?等意思。如：

the girls looked very attractive in their colourful dresses.女孩子们穿着色彩鲜艳的衣服显得非常漂亮。

colourful wall paper would brighten up your room.色彩艳丽的墙纸会使你房间焕然一新。

2008高考必背英语词汇讲座-N字头

08年高考英语阅读长难句解析

1.Their study found that theobromine，found in cocoa，was nearly a third more effective in stopping coughs than codeine，which was considered the best cough medicine at present.

The Imperial College London researchers who published their results online said the discovery could lead to more effective cough treatment，“while coughing is not necessarily harmful(有害的) it can have a major effect on the quality of life and” this discovery could be a huge step forward in treating this problem，” said Professor Peter Barnes.

(NMET2008全国 ll D篇)

译文：目前，可卡因是最佳的止咳药物，可是他们的研究发现在可可粉中包含的可可碱，其疗效又比可卡因几乎高三分之一。在因特网上公布了他们的研究成果的伦敦皇家大学的研究员们说道：这种发现可能有助于找到更有效的治咳方式。彼得?巴恩斯教授说道：“这种发现可能在治咳史上向前迈了一大步”。

简析：第一个句子中有一个宾语从句，宾语从句中有一过去分词短语found in cocoa作定语，还有一个非限制性定语从句；第二个句子中有一个定语从句。

实例： 53.According to Professor Barnes，theobromine______.

A.cannot be as effective as codeine

B.can be harmful to people’s health

C.cannot be separated from chocolate

D.can be a more effective cure for coughs

2.Much of the energy that comes from the Sun never reaches the Earth’s surface.It is either reflected or absorbed by the gases in the upper atmosphere.Of the energy that reaches the lower atmosphere，30% is reflected by clouds or the Earth’s surface.The remaining 70% warms the surface of the planet.(NMET 2008 江苏卷B篇)

简析：句子中含有两个定语从句，这是解题的关键。 either ...or连结的是并列结构。

译文：来自太阳的大部分能量都不会到达地球的表面，这种能量或者被上层大气中的气体反射或吸收。在到达低层大气的能量中，有30%的能量被云层或地球的表面所反射，剩下的70%使地球的表面温暖。

实例： 60.Only a small part of the Sun’s energy reaches the Earth’s surface because most of it is______.

A.absorbed by the clouds in the lower atmosphere

B.reflected by the gases in the upper atmosphere

C.lost in the upper and lower atmosphere

D.used to evaporate water from the oceans and lakes

3.The response to her request for help was so huge that Poe established Kids For A Cleaner Environment (Kids F.A.C.E.) in 1989.There are now 300，000 members of Kids FACE worldwide and is the world’s largest youth environmental organization.

(NMET 2008 山东卷D篇)

简析：第一句中夹杂有一个结果状语从句，又有复杂主语。主语的中心语为The response，其后的to her request for help为后置定语，第二句是由and并列的两个简单句，其中第二句中承前省略了主语kids FACE。

译文：人们对她请求帮助的反应如此强烈以至于波建立了一个为了更洁净环境的孩子的组织。现在这个组织在全世界有300，000名成员，并且它是世界上最大的青少年环保组织。

实例：72.Kids F.A.C.E is______.

A.a program to help students with writing

B.a project of litter recycling

C.a campaign launched by President Bush

D.a club of environmental protection

73.What can we learn about Poe?

A.She was awarded a prize in Brazil.

B.She donated billboard across the country.

C.She got positive responses for her efforts

D.She joined the National Park Service.

4.One of the reasons that made it cool for him not to care was the power of his peer(同龄人) group.(NMET 2008 辽宁卷C篇)

简析：夹杂定语从句和形式宾语结构。

译文：对他来说，不关心自己的学习是一种酷的标志的原因之一是受到他的同龄人的影响。

实例： 64.Why did Tom give up studying?

A.He disliked his teachers.

B.His parents no longer supported him.

C.It’s cool for boys of his age not to care about studies.

D.There were too many subjects in his secondary school.

5.The endless choice gives birth to anxiety in people’s lives.Buying something as basic as a coffee pot is not exactly simple.Easy access to a wide range of everyday goods leads to a sense of powerlessness in many people，ending in the shopper giving up and walking away，or just buying an unsuitable item(商品) that is not really wanted.(NMET 2008重庆卷E篇)

简析：句子中夹杂着固定短语，v-ing式作主语，复杂主语，v-ing式作结果状语以及定语从句。

译文：无穷尽的选择给人们的生活带来了无尽的烦恼。买像咖啡壶这样最基本的东西也不是那么简单了。对许多人而言，面对触手可及的一系列的日常用品却感到眼花了乱、不知所措，结果是购物者只好放弃选择、匆匆而去，或者仅仅买了一件并非真正需要的不合适的商品。

实例：73.Why do more choices of goods give rise to anxiety?

A.Professionals find it hard to decide on a suitable product.

B.People are likely to find themselves overcome by business persuasion.

C.Shoppers may find themselves lost in the broad range of items.

D.Companies and advertisers are often misleading about the range of choice.

6.As the only girl in a family of seven children，she often felt like she had “seven fathers，” because her six brothers，as well as her father，tried to control her.Feeling shy and unimportant，she retreated(躲避) into books.Despite her love of reading，she did not do well in elementary school because she was too shy to participate.(NMET 2008天津卷A篇)

简析：第一句主干结构为she felt like ...because ...，句首内容为状语，because从句中有一个插入成份。第二句中v-ing作状语表原因。第三句主干结构为：she didn’t ...because ...。

译文：作为家庭七个孩子中唯一的女孩，她常常有一种感觉，就是她拥有“七个父亲”，原因是她的六个兄弟和她的父亲都想控制她。由于羞怯和觉得无地位的缘故，她总是埋头苦读。尽管她酷爱读书，可是在小学她的成绩不佳，因为她太害羞而不能积极地参与。

实例：36.Which of the following is TRUE about Cisneros in her childhood?

A.She had seven brothers.

B.She felt herself a nobody.

C.She was too shy to go to school.

D.She did not have any good teachers.

7.They may think that eating lunch is the cause of the sleepiness.Or，in summer，they may think it is the heat.However，the real reason lies inside their bodies.At that time —about eight hours after you wake up—your body temperature goes down.This is what makes you slow down and feel sleepy.

(NMET 2008 四川卷C篇)

简析：句中夹杂两个宾语从句，一个时间状语从句和一个what引导的表语从句。

译文：他们可能认为吃午饭是他们困乏的原因。或者在夏天，他们可能认为是炎热的缘故。然而，真正的原因在于他们身体的内部。在那时，也就是说，在你醒来大约八个小时之后，你的体温开始呈下降的趋势。这就是使你行动迟缓并且感到困乏的原因。

实例：44.Why do people feel sleepy in the early afternoon according to the text?

A.They eat too much for lunch.

B.They sleep too little at night.

C.Their body temperature becomes lower.

D.The weather becomes a lot warmer.

8.These brain differences also explain the fact that more men take up jobs that require good spatial skills，while more women speech skills.It may all go back to our ancestors(祖先)，among whom women needed speech skills to take care of their babies and men needed spatial skills to hunt，according to one research.(NMET 2008陕西卷E篇)

简析：第一句中包含一个that引导的同位语从句，在其中又有一个that引导的定语从句，还有一介词 + 关系代词(among whom)引导的定语从句。注意more women之后省去了与前半句中相同的take up jobs that require ...。

译文：大脑这些差异也解释了这样的事实：更多的男性从事空间技能的工作，而更多的女性则从事需要语言技能的工作。这种现象也可以追溯到我们的祖先时代，据一项研究表明，在他们当中，女性做的是照看孩子这样的需要语言技能的工作，男性做的是像狩猎这样的需要空间技能的工作。

实例：59.Which of the following do you agree with according to the fourth paragraph?

A.Young boys may be stronger than young girls.

B.More women take up jobs requiring speech skills

C.Women may have stronger feelings than men.

D.Our ancestors needed more spatial skills.

9.In those days，IP rights were easily protected since it was very difficult to obtain intellectual property without paying for it.However，a lot of IP，including songs，films，books and artwork，can be downloaded today free of charge using the Internet.(NMET2008江西卷D篇)

简析：句中有since引导的原因状语从句，v-ing式作定语(including ...)和状语(without paying .../using the Internet)。

译文：在那个时代，知识产权很容易受到保护，因为不付费想得到知识产权是很困难的。然而，现在许多知识产权包括歌曲、**、书籍和艺术品通过使用因特网都可以免费下载。

实例： 69.What do we know about the Internet according to the passage?

A.It makes IP rights harder to protect.

B.It sells songs and films.

C.It does not affect the way we understand IP rights.

D.It prevents the production of artwork.

70.According to paragraph 2，what has “taken the world by storm”?

A.Intellectual property rights.

B.The Internet.

C.Free downloading.

D.The large number of songs，films and books.

10.The busier we are，the more important we seem to ourselves and，we imagine，to others.To be unavailable to our friends and family，and to be unable to find time to relax—this has become the model of a successful life.(NMET 2008湖北卷D篇)

简析：句中有“The + 比较级，the + 比较级”的结构，还有复杂的不定式结构。

译文：我们越忙，对我们自己而言，而且我们也以为在其他人看来，我们越重要。我们无空帮助朋友，找不到时间照顾家庭，找不到自己放松的时间，这已经成为了成功生活的模式。

实例：74.According to Paragraph 4，a successful person is one who is believed to ____ .

A.be able to work without stress

B.be more talented than other people

C.be more important than anyone else

D.be busy working without time to rest

11.The researchers said that among the problems with some earlier studies is that they often failed to take into account those people most at risk for skin cancer—people with fair skin and freckles(雀斑)，for example—are more likely to use sunscreen.As a result，it may appear that sunscreen users get cancer more often.(NMET 2008福建卷E篇)

简析：第一句的主体结构为：The research said that ...is that they failed to ...，其中第一个that引导一个宾语从句，宾语从句中又含有一个倒装结构，其中主语为that they often ...的一个主语从句，表语为among the problems with ...。破折号间内容为插入语。

译文：研究员们说，早期研究带来的问题之一是他们没有考虑到那些最有可能患皮肤癌人，比如皮肤白皙和有雀斑的人。可是皮肤白皙的和有雀斑的人最有可能使用防晒剂，结果是好像防晒剂的使用者患皮肤癌更常见。

实例：73.People with fair skin and freckles______.

A.seldom use sunscreen

B.are more in danger of skin cancer

C.can be free from the harm of the sun

D.often expose themselves to the sun

12.Yocum and Bell，who have just completed an art gallery for the city，feel that the experience from decoration of their building，focusing on the inside rather than the outside，has influenced their work.It has also given these architects a chance to show how they can make more out of less.(NMET 2008湖南卷B篇)

简析：该句中有一个who引导的定语从句，两个宾语从句(分别由that及how引导)，v-ing式作定语。第一句的主体结构为：Yocum and Bell feel that the experience has influenced their work。

译文：刚刚为这座城市建成艺术画廊的约克姆和贝尔，确切感受到装饰他们自己的房子中获得的经验，也就是说，把装饰的注意力放在房子的里面而不是外面对他们的工作产生了影响。同时这使这两位建筑师有了一次机会去展示他们是如何以较少的钱做更多的事。

实例：63.It can be inferred from the passage that Yocum and Bell______.

A.benefited a lot from pulling down the roof

B.turned more old buildings into art galleries

C.got inspiration from decorating their old building

D.paid more attention to the outside of the gallery

08年英语高考单选题疑问

1、near, nearly

　near用作副词时，有nearly（几乎，差不多）的意思，等于almost, 这时候可以通用。不过，往往在表示这一层意思时，人们习惯用nearly，而很少用near,尤其是用来修饰数词时。例如：it is nearly ten o'clock. 差不多十点钟了。dinner is nearly ready. 晚饭就要好了。i was near (or: nearly) being killed; it was a very near thing. 我几乎丧命，真悬。there are nearly enough people here to do the job. 干这项活，这里人手差不多够了。

　near在作形容词时，主要用来表示场所、时间，有?在附近?和?逼近?的意思。例如：don't go far away; stay somewhere near. 别走远，就在附近呆着。the spring festival is drawing near. 春节即将来临。

　注意：副词nearly要尽可能靠近它所修饰的那个词或词组，否则，有可能会影响全句的意思。试比较：our production brigade nearly lost fifty cattle in the flood. 我们生产队在发洪水时几乎损失了五十头牛。（事实上没有损失）our production brigade lost nearly fifty cattle in the flood. 我们生产队在洪水中损失了差不多五十头牛。（事实上损失了将近五十头）　

2、necessary, necessity

　necessary作名词用时，尽管与necessity同义，均可表示?必需品?，?必要的东西?的意思，但用法有别。necessary尽管是可数名词，但通常用作复数形式necessaries; necessity可用作可数名词，既可用作单数，也可用作复数，但常见作复数。试比较：these are our necessaries of life. 这些是我们的生活必需品。the shop is selling daily necessaries. 那个商店正在出售日用品。air is a necessity. 空气是必需品。good maps are a necessity to travellers. 好的地图是旅行者必不可少的东西。food, water and clothes are the basic necessities of life. 食物，水和衣服是基本的必需品。

　necessity主要用作不可数名词，表示抽象的概念，有?必要性，必然性?的意思，necessary作名词则没有这些含义。例如：there is no necessity for me to do this. 我没有做这件事的必要。he feels the necessity to have an outing. 他觉得有必要出外游玩一次。　

3、near to, next to

　near to的意思是 ?接近，靠近?，指时间、空间及距离上的接近。next to的意思是?紧靠着?，指位置上的相互紧靠。例如：it's getting near to our spring festival. 春节快要到了。the chemical works is built too near to us. 这个化工厂造得离我们太近了。as we got near to the town it began to snow. 当我们快到镇上时，天开始下雪了。the girl came and sat next to me. 这个女孩走过来并坐在我边上。the two cinemas are next to each other. 这两个**院靠得很近。i don't like wool next to my skin. 我不喜欢直接穿羊毛衫。

　next to另可表示?几乎?及?仅次于?，它常用于next to nothing结构，表示?几乎没有?，相当于almost nothing。例如：i knew next to nothing about the matter. 对这件事我几乎一无所知。next to dancing, i like playing the guitar. 除了跳舞，我最喜欢弹吉它。new york is the largest city next to london. 纽约是仅次于伦敦的最大城市。　

4、no more...than, not more...than

　no more...than等于not...any more than,意为?同...一样不?，意味着两者都否定。no more后可接名词，形容词，副词或动词；than是从属连词，常引出省略的比较状语从句。两个分句的重点往往在前一个分句，翻译时要把分句的次序颠倒，才能表达出重点来。例如：a fool can no more see his own folly than he can see his ears. 愚人之不能自知其蠢，如同其不能自见其耳。i am no more fond of playing the guitar than he is. 我和他都不喜欢弹吉他。

　no more than连用，等于not any more than, 其后多接数词，表示?只不过是，仅仅?的意思，相当于only。例如：there are no more than ten tickets left. 仅剩下十张票。

　not more... than等于less...than或not so...as，表示?不及，不如；不比...更?的意思，意味着两者都肯定，但着重点往往在从句，翻译时按原来顺序译出即可。例如：it goes without saying that this subject is not more important than that one. 毋庸质疑，这个问题不比那个问题更重要。

　not more than连用，其后也一般接数词，表示?不超过?，至多（=at most）"的意思。例如：i read not more than twenty pages every day. 我每天最多读二十页书。the reservoir was built by a productive brigade of not more than 200 households. 这个水库是由一个不到二百户人家的生产大队建造的。　

5、no one else, no other one

　这两个词组都表示?没有别人或别的东西?的意思，两者可以换用。其中的one均为代名词，指代人或物；else和other均为形容词，不同的是前者作后置形容词，后者作前置形容词。例如：there is no one else (or: no other one) to compare with him in this respect. 在这方面无人能比得上他。no other one(or: no one else) knows about it. 再没有别的人知道这件事。

　值得注意的是，else作形容词时，通常用来修饰疑问代词，复合不定代词（如：somebody, anything, anyone等）或者含有数量意义的代名词（如: much, little, all等）。else也可作副词，用来修饰疑问副词或者以where 结尾的复合疑问副词（如：anywhere, nowhere等）。例如：what else did she say?    她还说了什么？it must have been somewhere else. 肯定是在其他什么地方。you should put your honor above all else. 你应当把荣誉放在其他一切之上。not much else is known. 其他都不清楚。

　other作形容词时，只用来修饰名词或者代名词one/ ones, 其位置只能位于所修饰的（代）名词之前。例如：i am studying maxism-leninism, mathematics and other subjects. 我正学习马克思列宁主义，数学和其他课程。

　注意：else和other均可用来修饰带any, some, a few等的名词。例如：i don't want any books else.(= i don't want any other books.) 我再不需要其他书了。　

6、no use, of no use

　这两个词组都用在连系动词be的后面作表语，表示?没有用?的意义，两者在意义上没有什么差别，可以通用，只是它们的语法结构不一样。no use作表语是因为use前面有形容词no的缘故。如果没有形容词no, use则不能单独作表语。不能说this book is use.只能说：this book is of use或者：this book is useful.再例如：this book is (of) no use. 这本书没有用。complaining is (of) no use. 抱怨是没有用的。

　of no use属于?of+抽象名词?结构，这种结构相当于相应的同根形容词。它有肯定形式和否定形式，否定形式一般也是在抽象名词前加形容词no（如of no use）。例如：this reference material is of no use to us. (= this reference material isn't useful to us.) 这种参考资料对我们是没有用的。this medicine is of no use to your cold. 这种药对你的感冒没有用。

　注意：以下五句的意思相同，但用法都不一样，请注意它们的区别：

　reading without remembering is no use.

　reading without remembering is of no use.

　it is no use reading without remembering.

　it is of no use reading without remembering.

　there is no use in / of reading without remembering.读而不记是没有用的。　

7、none, no one

　none主要用作代词。作代词时，可以指人，是?没有什么人?的意思；也可以指物，是?没有什么东西?的意思。none往往受of引起的介词短语的限制，of后可接复数可数名词，作主语时，谓语动词多用复数形式；of后接不可数名词时，其谓语动词只能是单数形式。none of之后的可数名词或代词必须指三个以上的人或者事物。例如：none of the passengers were aware of the danger. 这些旅客中没有人意识到危险性。none of us are interested in the story. 我们都对这个故事不感兴趣。none of the money was ever recorded. 一点钱都没有得到。

　no one中的no是形容词，one是代词，常用于口语中，一般用来指人，其含义是?not even one（连一个人也不/没有）?因此它比none的意思要强。no one作主语时，谓语动词只能用单数形式。例如：no one was killed in that battle. 在那次战斗中没有人牺牲。apart from him, i had no one to talk to. 除了他以外，我没有人可以交谈。　

8、now that, only that

　这是两个由?连词+that"组成的复合连词，其连词是中心词，that是一个虚词，常可省去。now that本是?副词+that"而构成的复合连词，但由于that可省略，于是now就被认为是连词了。now that引导的是原因状语从句，但它主要是说明一种新的情况，从句与主句的因果关系很小，含有?推论?的意味，因此有的语法学者把它称为?推论条件连词?。此短语一般译为?既然，由于?，相当于since。例如：now that jane had gone and left, or as good as left him, it would have been a comfort to see his son. 简既然走了，离开了，或者说几乎是遗弃了他，那么他就可以和儿子见面了，这是多么快慰的事。now that the weather has improved, we'll be able to enjoy the game. 由于现在天气已经好转，我们将能观赏这场比赛了。

　only that主要引导条件状语从句，与except that的意义相同，表示?要不是，除...之外?的意思，从句通常位于主句之后；它有时还可引导目的状语从句，作?只是为了?解。例如：he would probably do well in the examination, only that he gets rather nervous. 要不是他有一点紧张，他可能考得很好。i have nothing against him, only that i dislike his manner. 我除了不喜欢他的态度外，并没有反对他。he often praises others only that he may be praised. 他常常只是为了求得别人的表扬而称赞别人。　

9、no tailor, not a tailor

　no tailor和not a tailor在句子中充当主语、宾语时，两者均表示?没有一个裁缝?，可以替换用。如下列两句都表示?没有一个裁缝想要接受这份工作?：no tailor wants to take this job.not a tailor wants to take this job.

　当no tailor和not a tailor在句子中用在be动词后，充当表语时，两者意义完全不同。前者表示?不懂裁缝，决不是裁缝?，指某人不具备当裁缝的条件，是外行，无资格做裁缝；后者?不是个裁缝?，指某人的职业或身份不是裁缝。试比较：don't ask me to shorten the trousers for you. i'm no tailor. 别叫我为你改短裤子，我不懂裁缝。you're mistaken! he is not a tailor. he has a job as a barber. 你弄错了！他不是个裁缝，他是个理发师。

　no加上一个表示职业的名词的例子还有：she is no cook. she will probably get all the food from a restaurant. 她不会做饭，她可能会从餐馆里买来所有的饭菜。this is no joke. i am no judge. 这决不是开玩笑的事，我根本没有审理的资格。　

10、noise, sound, voice

　noise表示?噪音，喧闹声?，一般指嘈杂，吵闹等令人不快的声音。例如：the noise of the street kept me awake. 街上的吵闹声让我睡不着。the noise of the rain nearly drowned our conversation. 雨声大得几乎超过了我们的谈话声。

　sound表示?声音?，含义很广泛，指任何可以听到的声音，包括悦耳及令人不快的声音。例如：all of a sudden there was the sound of shots and a cry. 突然，有了枪响声和哭声。did you hear the strange sound from the next room this morning? 今天早上你是否听到隔壁房间发出的怪声音？

　voice表示?嗓音?，一般指人说话，唱歌或笑的声音。例如：the little girl has a beautiful voice. 这个小女孩有一副好嗓子。the singer has lost her ringing voice as a result of a bad cold. 这位歌手由于重感冒而失去了银铃般的嗓音。　

11、not to say, not to speak of

　这两个短语形似而意义不同。not to say作?虽不能说，即使不能说?解，表示一种让步的口气。not to speak of作?更不用说，更不待言?解，相当于to say nothing of, 用来表示追补意义。例如：it is rather cool, not to say cold. 天气虽不能说冷，但也算是相当凉了。he sounded impolite, not to say rude. 他那样说话，即使不算粗鲁，也是不礼貌的。she knows german and french, not to speak of english. 她懂德文和法文，更不用说英文了。he cannot find money for bread, not to speak of fish and meat. 他连面包也无钱买，更不用说鱼和肉了。

400分求篇高考英语范文

这些问题真好！

1. 你说的对！different from 后面加的应该是宾语，一般用WHAT引导名词性宾语从句，而且在从句中WHAT做主语成分。但是你看后面的成分：spoken in England.这不是一个句子少个谓语is。如果是is spoken in England.那么答案无疑是what.即what is spoken in England.这里用that做代词，that spoken in England中的spoken in England只是that的定语（分词短语做定语）。

2. 你看前面都是对过去事情的虚拟，表示作者对过去某个事件的陈述。就是说这个雨现在已经停了。你用现在完成时那就说明雨到现在才停，这不合原义。因为雨早已经停了。

3. stay with 中stay"停留一段时间"只是指动作只持续一段时间不表示长期，live with表示长期共存，显然用live with合乎题意。

4. I used to love that film when I was a child.表示当我是一个小孩子的时候我喜欢那个**。used to 表示过去常常做。。。，其言外之意是现在不这样做了。而后面的句子有个转折连词but，所以两者重复了，故这里只能用since表示从那时候以来一直到现在说话以前自己还是喜欢那个**，只有这样和下文的but才能形成转折语义。这里的but决定了前面只能用since.

5. on the point 即将......的时候,即将......的

on the point of 即将...的时刻 , 正打算,正要…之际，就要…之时

on the point of doing 正要做某事时

to the point 切题，中肯

显然这些是固定用法。

6. 这也是固定用法：

肯定句用： so+助动词＋主语

否定句用： neither/nor +助动词＋主语

没有either was I 这样的结构。

7. whatever, wherever ,whenever ,however它们和对应的what,where,when,how的词性和在句中的语法功能，使用位置基本一样，只是语气的加强。“无论。。。”理解前者可以从对应的后者入手。 如果说有不同就是whatever, wherever ,whenever ,however可以引导让步状语从句。

这里whatever the season=whatever the season is“无论在哪个季节”,这是一个省略句。

显然wherever，whenever ，however 都不能做表语，故排除。

即what可以做表语宾语，故whatever也可以做表语宾语。

when可以做时间状语，故whenever也做时间状语。

where可以做地点状语，故wherever也做地点状语。

how可以做方式状语，故however也做方式状语。

欢迎探讨词法语法问题。

2008高考必背英语词汇讲座-L字头

08高考英语作文预测(范文)

书面表达(满分25分)

假设你是刘英。最近你就流行节目“超级女生”(Super Grls)或“快乐男生”(Happy

Boys)收集了同学们的不同看法。请根据下表内容给征稿的某英语报刊编辑写封信，并谈谈你自己的观点。

一些同学的看法

另一些同学的看法

有助于发现自己的优缺点

能挑战自我并丰富生活经历

易误导年轻人

会带来一些问题，如学习受到影响

注意：1．词数100个左右，信的开头和落款已为你写好(不计人总词数)；

2．可根据内容要点适当增加细节，使行文连贯；

3．参考词汇：

误导——mislead

挑战——challenge

Dear Editor,

Yours,

Liu Ying

Dear Editor,

Recently, I've collected some different opinions from my classmates about the program Super Girls or Happy Boys.

Some of them argue that it offers a good chance for young people to discover their own strong points as well as weaknesses. Meanwhile, it can get them ready for any challenges and enrich their life experiences. However, st)me of my classmates don't think so. They feel that it could mislead those youngsters. Especially to the school girls and boys, it may cause some troubles. For example, it may affect their study badly.

In my opinion, every coin has two sides. So long as we have a correct attitude and good self-control, it's still OK to join in it.

Yours,

Liu Ying

UID99 帖子277 精华0 积分1466 注册2007-11-19 阅读权限50 查看详细资料

TOP

阿Q

举人

个人空间 发短消息 加为好友 当前离线 2# 大 中 小 发表于 2008-2-24 16:46 只看该作者 08高考英语作文预测(范文)

08高考英语作文预测题一

根据漫画，请以“烟”为题，用英语写一篇短文，描述下面的内容，并就此发表你的评论。

要求：1.文章必须包括描述和评论两部分；根据内容适当发挥，注意行文连贯。

2.词数：100词左右。

预测依据

看图类写作是高考写作的热点之一，具有一定的难度。内容上多为中学生日常生活中熟悉的经历，社会热点，具有一定的交流性、应用性、时代性、教育性。

写作指导

1．要审清写作要求。

2．此题只提供了一幅相关的图画信息。通过观察及写作要求，我们可以确定：（1）体裁：夹叙夹议；（2）人称：须用第三人称；（3）时态：可用一般现在时。

3．审清图画的主题和梗概：一个年轻人在工厂，嘴里正吸着烟，这时他看到工厂里的一个禁止吸烟的标志牌，而工厂本身也正向大气中排放滚滚浓烟。年轻人顿时觉得困惑不解……由此，作者发表评论：相关部门应当采取措施禁止工厂污染自然环境的行为！

4．增加细节，连贯成文，做到层次分明，结构严谨，并准确选用相关词语、句型表达图画内容。

08高考英语作文预测参考范文

Smoke

This is a funny and instructive picture. In the picture, a young man is smoking happily in a factory when he sees a sign which means “No smoking” on the wall. But he finds that the factory is giving off large quantities of heavy smoke which makes him feel very puzzled, “Why does the factory forbid people to smoke while the factory itself emits so much poisonous smoke?”

Nowadays, many factories know the danger of smoking to themselves and don’t allow people smoking in the factory. However, they don’t pay any attention to the danger that they cause to the whole society. And they let out lots of polluted smoke which does great harm to our environment.

In my opinion, we could live without most of the industrial products, but we could not survive without nature! Therefore, something must be done to prevent the pollution caused by all factories!

范文点评

本文首先对内容进行了简短的介绍，接着发表了作者的简短评论。文章结构严谨，审题准确，语言流畅，过渡自然。文章的得分亮点也较多。如最后一段，一句“In my opinion, we could live without most of industrial products, but we could not survive without nature.”，便不入俗套地点明了要采取相关措施的原因！可谓一语惊人，令人深思！

UID99 帖子277 精华0 积分1466 注册2007-11-19 阅读权限50 查看详细资料

TOP

阿Q

举人

个人空间 发短消息 加为好友 当前离线 3# 大 中 小 发表于 2008-2-24 17:06 只看该作者 08高考英语作文预测(范文)

2008高考英语作文预测 预测二

下表是你根据平时了解所得到的中国高三学生选择高考志愿的信息。请你根据该表用英语写一篇简要介绍，向编辑部反映该情况。

注意：

1．文章的开头已为你写好。

2．词数：100词左右。

Chinese senior middle school graduates have different opinions on how to choose their courses and universities.

预测依据

在高考中，图表类写作经常出现。其内容上多为中学生日常生活中熟悉的生活经历，以及社会热点。高考志愿填报问题，是考生、家长、社会等非常关注的一个热门话题，对于该话题的报导以及争论是人们经常耳闻目睹的。

解题指导

本文从体裁上看属于议论文，其命题方式属于图表类。图表类作文多以说明文和议论文为主，要求考生根据所给的图表、数据及标题进行分析、研究，阅读其中的文字和说明，弄清各种信息之间的关系，提炼和确定出文章的中心思想。然后进行分析、概括和归纳。

注意：（1）图表和数据内容不一定要全部描述。（2）善于抓住总的规律，趋势，归纳增减率。（3）时态：特定时间用过去时。经常出现的情况或自己的评述用一般现在时。（4）要适当运用一些高级词汇并灵活使用图表类写作常用的经典好句型。

2008高考英语作文预测 参考范文

Chinese senior middle school graduates have different opinions on how to choose their courses and universities.

A survey has been done to study it. We can see from the table that about 35% of the students believe the choice should be based on their own interest. They say interest is the mother of success. Besides, it is a miserable thing to have to spend most of your time studying what you have no interest in.

Morestudents （around45％）, however, insist that main consideration should be given to the needs of the society, for, they argue, not everyone can find the job they like best. What’s more, interest can be born and lost.

Interestingly, there are about 20% who find it too difficult to make a choice and would rather depend on their parents or teachers to make a decision.

范文点评

该篇文章从总体上来讲，能够把握议论文的特点。语言流畅，能够正确地利用一些较为高级的词语以及一些精彩短语、句型（文中黑体字）。人称使用正确，为第三人称。能够把握主体时态：用一般现在时。因为是经常出现的情况。能够按题目的要求，涵盖所要求的内容，并适当增添了一些相关内容，较好地完成了写作任务，达到了预定的写作目的。

1、lone, lonely, lonesome, alone

　这组词都有?孤独的，寂寞的?之意。

　lone：?孤独的，寂寞的，无依无靠的?，该词（在诗歌中）可替代lonely或lonesome。she could see a lone figure on the deserted beach walking to and fro.她看到一个孤寂的人影在荒凉的海滩上走来走去。in that cloudy sky only one lone star could be seen.在那多云的天空中，只能看见孤零零的一颗星。

　lonely:?孤单的，寂寞的?，但更强调指渴望陪伴的孤独感受。a lonely young sailor felt sorry for himself because his girlfriend no longer loved him.孤独的青年海员由于女友不再爱他而非常伤心。he spent many lonely days on the deserted island before that attractive girl appeared.在那个有魅力的女孩出现之前，他在那个荒岛上度过了许多寂寞的日子。

　lonesome : "无伴的，独居的"，通常明确的表达分别或丧偶后的孤寂卑凉，含义较为痛切。the house she had always thought of as overcrowded was lonesome when her children grew up andwent out on their own.先前她认为这屋子过于拥挤，但当其子女出去独立生活后，显得孤寂。you must keep up your spirits, mother, and not be lonesome because i'm not at home.你一定要打起精神，妈妈，不要因为我不在家而倍感凄凉。

2、location, position, situation, spot

　这一组词都有?位置，地点?之意。

　location：?位置，场所，场地?，指某物所处的固定但也许并不明确的位置，也可指找到的或可加以利用的场地。还可解作?定位，测位选址?，如：industrial location工业选址。the location of the missing plane can hardly be identified without more detailed information.如果没有更详尽的信息，失踪飞机所处的位置就很难确定。the location is exceptionally poor, viewed from a sanitation point, so had to devote hertime to finding suitable location for a new school.从卫生角度来看，这个地段非常糟糕，所以朱利亚不得不花时间找一处适于建新学校的地点。

　position：?方位，地点，位置?，通常是指某物所处的实际或相对的位置，适用于具体及抽象的事物，想象中或实际存在的东西；因此还可解作?社会地位，职务，见解，立场，姿态?等。can you show me the position of the school on the map?你能指给我那学校在地图上的位置吗？before the invention of the timing devices they told the time by the position of the sun.在计时器发明之前，他们根据太阳的位置来判断时间。

　situation：?地点，位置，场合?，它所指的地点更注重考虑周的环境，还指抽象的对某人或社会有影响的条件、事实、事件的总和，因此可以解作?境况、形势、局势、处境?等。常用短语：cope/ do with?the situation应付当前情况：save the situation挽回局势。despite the fact that he's only a boy of nine, he could manage to deal with the new situation.尽管他还是个九岁的小男孩，他却能设法对付新情况。the situation of the camp was chosen with respect to its healthfulness and its nearness to thecity.这个营地位置的选择考虑到了有益于健康而且离城市近的原则。

　spot：?地点，现场?，指范围清楚的特定地点，也可指事件或行为的发生地，具有较强的?有限空间意义?，如：a historic/ scenic spot古迹/ 风景名胜。常用词组：on the spot 当场。she was probably mad with hunger and thirst in that lonely hot spot.在那炎热孤寂的地方，她很可能因为又饿又渴而几近发疯。the police were on the spot within a few minutes of hearing about the crime.获悉该项犯罪后几分钟，警察即赶到现场。

3、later, latter

　later是late的比较级形式，意为?后来的（地）?，通常用在表示时间单位的词组后，表示以后?的意思，此外还通常用在一些习语中。例如：two days later, we proved these facts to be correct. 两天以后，我们证明了这些事实是正确的。he reached the stations 5 minutes later. 他晚到车站五分钟。sooner or later 总有一天，迟早later on 今后，以后

　latter是一原级形容词，主要有三种意义：1).表示?后面的，后半的，末了的?之意；2).与定冠词the连用，表示?后者?，与the former相对；3).?最近的，现今的?。例如：the latter half of the month 后半月，下半月the latter part of the year 一年中后一段时期of the two the latter is far better than the former.两者中后者比前者好得多。he has been at home in these latter days.在最近的这些日子里，他一直呆在家里。

4、lay, lie

　这两个动词在变形时，往往引起混淆。

　lay主要用作及物动词，基本意思为?放?，还可有一些引申意义。它的过去式和过去分词是laid，现在分词是laying。例如：please lay the book on the table.请把书放在桌上。the road is laid with asphalt.这条路是用柏油铺成的。these hens lay eggs every day.这些母鸡天天下蛋。we should lay stress on our pronunciation.我们应该重视我们的发音。

　lie是一个不及物动词，它有两种意义和用法：1).意为?平躺；平放；位于?时，过去式为lay, 过去分词为lain; 2).意为：?撒谎?时，过去式和过去分词是lied。例如：don't lie in bed all morning.不要一早上都躺在床上。he lay on the grass enjoying the sunshine.他躺在草地上享受阳光。korea lies to the east of china.朝鲜位于中国东面。you are lying.你在撒谎。he lied to me.他对我撒谎。

5、leave out, leave off

　这两个短语动词由leave加副词构成，在句中均作谓语，它们的意义有区别。

　leave out主要有下列几种意义：1).省去，略去；2).遗漏；3).没有考虑到。例如：we must decide what to leave out and what to leave in. 我们必须决定取舍。please complete this check properly. the date has been left out. 请将这张支票填完整，日期被漏掉了。we left out the possibility of his coming. 我们没考虑到他会来。

　leave off则主要表示下列两种意义：1).停止，中断；2).不再穿，不再使用。例如：leave off talking!别讲话了！they leave off work at 4:30 p.m. 他们下午四点半下班。it is warm enough for you to leave off your woolen sweater. 天这么热，可以脱下你的绒线衣了。

6、living, alive, live, lively

　这四个形容词均是live派生出的，但它们的意义和用法均不一样。

　living有三种意义和用法：1).表示?活着的，尤指现存的?，可以指人，也可指物。在句中作表语或定语；作定语时，可前置也可后置。2).表示某人，某物与另一个人或一物?一模一样，逼真的?之意。3).相当于形容词lively，表示?强烈的、活泼的?之意。例如：a living language should be learned orally. 一种活的语言应该通过口语来学习。no man living could do better. 当代的人没有一个能做得比这好的了。shelly was still living when keats died. 济慈死时，雪莱还活着。he's the living image of his father. 他跟他父亲长得一模一样。we have a living hope that you will succeed. 我们强烈地希望你成功。

　alive多用作表语，多用于人，表示?活着的?的意思，还可引申为其他意义；间或也作定语，只能放在被修饰词的后面。例如：is she still alive?她还活着吗？they are the happiest children alive.他们是当代最幸福的孩子们。an enemy officer was caught alive.一名敌军官被活捉了。the lake is alive with fish.湖里鱼多得很。

　live作形容词时读作/laiv/, 只用于物，作定语，基本意义是?活的?，这时可用living替代。它还有很多引申意义。例如：this is a live fish/ mouse.这是一条活鱼（一只活老鼠）。don't play with live coals!不要玩燃烧着的煤块。a live wire is dangerous.通上电的电线很危险。it was a live broadcast, not a recording.那是实况广播，不是录音广播。

　lively读作/laivli/，在句中可作表语或定语，主要表示下列三种意义：1).有生气的，活泼的，快活的；2).（颜色）鲜明的；3).生动的，真实的。例如：she is as lively as a kitten.她快活得像只小猫。the patient seems a little livelier this morning.那病人今晨似乎好些了。he has lively imagination.他有丰富的想象力。what lively colors!多么鲜明的色彩。he gave a lively description of the football game.他对这场足球赛进行了生动的描述。

7、learn, study

　learn为?学习，学会?，侧重学习的成果，指从不知到知，从不会到会的学习，强调通过学习去获得知识和技能，它没有凭勤奋努力而获得知识的意味。learn亦可指向某人学习，从某处学习及学习一门技能等。如 learn music, learn new words, learn to skate, learn from experience, learn from leifeng。

　study为?学习，研究?，强调学习的过程，指深入系统地学习，带有努力，勤奋的意味。其学习对象往往是科学，艺术和需要深入探讨，研究的问题及学科，不是单纯地获得技巧。如：study medicine,study science, study a map, study engineering, study painting。下列句子中的learn 和 study均不能互换：if you study hard, you'll learn the language well. 如果你努力学习的话，你会把这门语言学好。he learned traditional chinese medicine from a famous chinese doctor. 他跟随一位著名的中国医生学习中医。she studied late at night.她晚上学习到很晚。he is studying the problem of x-rays.他正在研究x射线的问题。

　在指某学科的?学习?时，或在不需要强调两者的区别时, learn 和study可以换用。如：how long have you learned/ studied japanese?你学习日语有多久了？we must keep on learning/ studying if we do not want to lag behind the times. 如果我们不想落在时代后面的话，就必须不断学习。

8、long for, for long

　long for是一用作及物意义的动、介型短语动词，表示?渴望，极想得到?的意思。其后可接名词，代词作宾语。例如：the children are longing for the festival.孩子们渴望节日来临。we long for a chance to visit yanan.我们渴望有机会访问延安。

　for long中的for是介词，long是名词，一起作介词短语用，在句中充当状语，通常用于否定句、疑问句、条件句或否定意义的句子中。意为?很久，长久?。例如：he will not remain for long.他不会呆得太久。will you be away for long?你要离开很久吗？　

9、lecture, speech

　lecture作?演讲，讲课?解，指有准备的专题演讲，尤指学术性讲演及高等学校教师的讲课。它常和动词give, read, hear, attend, receive连用，当它用于give sb. a lecture结构时，指?训斥某人?。如：they received lecture on technique. （指听演讲）he gave a lecture on the war in english. （指作演讲）father gave me a lecture for smoking. （指训斥）

　speech作?说话，演讲?解，系普通用语，除指有声的语言外，又泛指为听众而作的讲，可以是有准备的正式讲话，也可以是无准备的非正式的讲话。它常和动词give, make, hear, prepare, understand等连用。如：i was quite unprepared to make a speech.by your speech i can tell you're from london.he gave a speech about good manners to the whole school.

10、live on, live by

　live on有三种意义和用法：1).后接人、钱、工资，表示?依靠这些人或钱物养活?的意思；2).后接各种食物的名称，表示?以?为主食?的意思; 3).作不及物动词用，表示?继续生存下去，永存?之意。例如：jim's father was living on his friends.吉姆的父亲靠他的朋友生活。my uncle lives happily on his pension.我伯父靠退休金生活得很幸福。most of the asians live on rice.多数亚洲人以大米为食。sheep live on grass.羊以草为食。the scientist's name will live on from generation to generation. 这位科学家的名字将流芳百世。

　live by有两种意义和用法：1. 后接名词或动名词，表示?以某种方式或手段过活?之意；2. 后接地点名词，表示?住在?附近?之意。例如：they live by honest labor.他们靠正当的劳动生活。smith lives by writing for a small magazine.史密斯靠给一家小杂志社写稿来维持生活。we live by the east lake.我们住在东湖旁边。